Metal Uptake, Accumulation In Fish Living In Polluted Waters Impact On Health Risk: Approach To Remove Metal Contamination In Polluted Water Using Conjugated Heterocyclic Ligands

Abstract

Heavy metals are frequently accumulated in the tissues of fish that live in contaminated waters. In general, the concentration of metals, the length of exposure, the mode of metal uptake, the environmental parameters (pH, salinity, hardness, and temperature of the water), and the intrinsic factors (feeding habits and age of the fish) all affect accumulation. Different metals have varying affinities for the tissues of fish. The majority primarily collect in the kidney, liver, and gills. When compared to other tissues, fish muscles typically have the lowest metal concentrations. Time influences the distribution of metals in different organs. Metal buildup in fish organs can result in functional abnormalities and structural damage. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure the concentrations of four metals—iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper—in five different fish tissues: the brain, liver, kidney, gills, and muscle. Water samples and ten distinct fish species were also included in the analysis. In order to lower the metal contamination in the contaminated water, metal chelation was applied to the synthesised ligand.