Conventional To Modern Approach on Ketoprofen Formulation: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic effects by inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. It undergoes metabolism in the liver via conjugation with glucoronic acid, hydroxylation of the benzoyl ring, and reduction of its keto group. Various forms of KP are available in the pharmaceutical market: coated tablets, capsules, gels for topical application, transdermal patches, liquid spray, and solutions for injection. It is important to note that their availability is subject to change. Such is the case with the topical application gel: once an over-the-counter medicine, it is now a prescription drug in many countries around the globe. This restriction is due to the fact that it has been established that topically applied KP can induce photosensitivity. It includes both phototoxic and photoallergic activity.1 In an experimental study, it was found that benzoyl radical is the key structure that provokes photosensitivity and the photo cross-reactivity of KP, suprofen and tiaprofenic acid. As that radical is common in benzophenone ultraviolet (UV) filters, cross-reactions are familiar with sunscreens containing mainly oxybenzone.3 However, the instability of KP under UV/visible light and the subsequent formation of degradation products are known to cause photosensitivity after topical application. It has been found that TiO2 inclusion in fabric backing can improve photostability, reduce photodegradation and increase photo safety of the drug in the KP-loaded patch. This study we mainly focus the technology used in the new formulation of ketoprofen to reduce the adverse effect of the conventional formulation and discuss the advantage of the neanotechnology used in the manufacturing of the new formulation