From Innovation To Market: The Role Of Energy Management, Smart Charging, And Renewable Integration In The Evolution Of Hybrid And Electric Vehicles.

Abstract

The rapid evolution of hybrid and electric vehicle (EV) technologies has necessitated advancements in energy management strategies, powertrain optimization, and sustainable charging infrastructure. This review consolidates recent research contributions in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs), focusing on thermal management, battery optimization, and energy-efficient charging systems. Studies highlight intelligent energy management strategies incorporating real-time speed profiles, particle swarm optimization, and meta-model-based techniques to enhance vehicle performance and reduce emissions. Thermal management systems integrating hybrid control techniques have demonstrated improved efficiency in battery and power electronics cooling. Additionally, research on powertrain configurations, including series, parallel, and power-split architectures, has emphasized the role of advanced control algorithms in maximizing fuel economy and extending battery life. Sustainable charging infrastructures leveraging renewable energy sources, such as solar-powered charging stations, are gaining traction, with optimization models designed for efficient energy distribution. Furthermore, the long-term impact of battery aging and vehicle performance degradation on emissions and cost-effectiveness is examined. Comparative studies assessing hybridization benefits in terms of lifecycle emissions and fuel economy provide insights into the economic and environmental feasibility of different powertrain technologies. This review aims to present a comprehensive synthesis of contemporary advancements and challenges in hybrid and electric vehicle technologies, providing a foundation for future research directions toward sustainable and energy-efficient transportation solutions.