Comprehensive review of Chikungunya virus infection: Clinical Characteristics, Epidemiology, and its Control Programme, Northern India

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a virus- borne illness conveyed by mosquitoes that's brought on by an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. In Congo region it's known by the name “Buka-Buka” meaning “broken-broken” describing crippling joint pain.

CLINICAL CHARACTERSTICS: Sudden onset: Fever, joint pain, and swelling develop suddenly. Fever: High-grade fever (102°F-104°F) lasting 2-5 days.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease endemic in Africa, Asia, and the Indian Ocean region, with outbreaks reported in the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. The virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.

PATHOGENESIS: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) enters the host through mosquito bites, binding to receptors on host cells, and replicates primarily in skin fibroblasts, muscle cells, and joint tissue.

DIAGNOSIS OF CHIKUNGUNYA: Laboratory diagnosis relies upon the discovery of the virus on early samples and/or specific anti-chikungunya virus (CHIKV) IgM and IgG on blood samples.

TREATMENT: Treatment for Chikungunya typically involves managing symptoms and providing supportive care. Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen.

CONTROL PROGRAMME: A comprehensive control program for chikungunya involves a multi-faceted approach. Vector control measures are crucial, including eliminating breeding sites by removing standing water around homes, communities, and public areas. using mosquito nets and screens on windows and doors can also prevent bites. CONCLUSION: Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a significant public health concern globally. Characterized by severe joint pain, fever, and swelling, Chikungunya can lead to chronic arthritis, neurological disorders, and even death.