Vocational Education in India: A Comparative Analysis of Policies Before and After NEP 2020

Abstract

Vocational education in India has historically played a crucial role in developing a skilled workforce, essential for the country’s economic growth. However, the approach towards vocational training has often been fragmented, with policies prior to the mainstream educational framework effectively. This research paper conducts a comparative analysis of vocational education policies before and after the implementation of NEP 2020, exploring the evolution, challenges, and advancements within this sector.

Before NEP 2020, vocational education in India was often seen as a secondary track, disconnected from academic education and plagued by societal stigmas, inadequate infrastructure, and limited industry collaboration. Despite efforts like schemes such as Vocational Education Scheme (VES) and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), vocational education remained underutilized, with a significant gap between the skills imparted and industry demands.

The introduction of NEP 2020 marks a paradigm shift in the treatment of vocational education. NEP 2020 aims to mainstream vocational education from the school level, proposing that at least 50% of learners should have exposure to vocational skills by 2025. The policy emphasizes industry collaboration, hands-on training, and the introduction of vocational courses starting from Grade 6. It also introduces a flexible framework with multiple entry and exit points, enhancing accessibility and ensuring alignment with global standards through the National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF).

This paper critically examines the differences in policy approaches, implementation strategies, and expected outcomes before and after NEP 2020. Particularly in contributing to economic growth, entrepreneurship, and global competitiveness. Through this analysis, the paper underscores the importance of vocational education.