miRNA As Therapeutics for The Management of Cancer, A Comprehensive Review.

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and critical cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. They have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for cancer management due to their ability to regulate multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes simultaneously. This review examines the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in cancer treatment, including their roles as tumor suppressors and oncomiRs. miRNAs can be utilized through replacement or inhibition strategies to target cancer progression. However, the clinical application of miRNA-based therapies faces challenges such as efficient delivery, stability in vivo, and off-target effects. Various delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles, viral vectors, and exosomes, are being explored to enhance miRNA stability and specificity. Additionally, miRNA mimics, inhibitors, and chemical modifications are under development to reduce off-target effects. Clinical trials on miR-34 and miR-21 have shown promising results, but further research is needed to overcome delivery and specificity issues before miRNA-based therapies become widely applicable in clinical practice. The future of miRNA therapeutics holds promise for providing targeted, less toxic, and more effective treatment options for cancer patients.