The Role of Plant Hormone on Root Development

Abstract

Plant hormones, commonly referred to as phytohormones, are distinct chemical substances that are created by plants and are essential in controlling numerous aspects of plant growth and development. These hormones are created in particular sections of the plant, like the shoot apex or the root meristem, and are then transferred to other parts of the plant where they have their effects in tiny, concentrated amounts. The influence of a particular hormone can vary depending on the target tissue it acts upon, and the interplay between different hormones is crucial for proper plant development. Auxin, abscisic acid, ethylene, gibberellins, cytokinins, salicylic acid, strigolactones, brassinosteroids, and nitrous oxide are the most common plant hormones. Each hormone has specific roles and functions in plant physiology. For example, auxin is involved in controlling cell elongation, tropisms, and root initiation, while abscisic acid regulates seed dormancy and stomatal closure in response to water stress. Ethylene influences fruit ripening and senescence, and gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination. Cytokinins regulate cell division and shoot formation, while salicylic acid is involved in plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. Strigolactones are important for root development and symbiotic interactions, and brassinosteroids play a role in various growth processes. Nitrous oxide, although primarily known for its role in atmospheric chemistry, has been shown to have effects on plant growth as well. Under stressful conditions, such as drought, high salinity, or extreme temperatures, these hormones play a crucial role in enabling plants to tolerate and adapt to their surroundings