Leopard Intrusion Into Human Settlements: A Study Of Conflict In Margalla Hills National Park

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Safwan Daud
Dr. Mamoona Wali Muhammad
Najeeb Ullah Khan
Maaha Malik
Arz Muhammad Umrani
Nowsherwan Zarif
Muhammad Sajawal
Ali Gohar
Asif Ali

Abstract

The leopard is one of the most common apex predators having recurrent conflict with humans throughout the world. This study investigates the dynamics and potential mitigation of human-leopard conflict in communities bordering Margalla Hills National Park, Pakistan, where livestock depredation drives conflict. A questionnaire survey of 174 residents provided data on depredation patterns, risk perceptions, attitudes towards leopards, and perspectives on solutions. Key findings show uneven distribution of attacks by location and livestock type due to husbandry practices and land use. Small farms, carelessness, and sole dependence on vulnerable livestock enable persistent conflict. The majority of respondents (57.71%) said leopards were rare, while 32% said they were common. The predominant perception of leopards as very or slightly dangerous reveals a high level of fear and risk awareness. The most common response was positive, with 89 respondents viewing leopards favorably. A high prevalence of goats in Saidpur village in comparison to other rural settings explains the recurrent depredation and resultant increased human-leopard conflict. Community attitudes toward leopards are diverse, signaling opportunities for constructive engagement through research, education, and inclusive policy development. With careful persistence over time, communities may eventually find an equitable path towards coexistence that preserves Islamabad iconic leopards while also meeting local priorities.

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Author Biographies

Safwan Daud

Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

Dr. Mamoona Wali Muhammad

Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

Najeeb Ullah Khan

WWF, Islamabad

Maaha Malik

Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad

Arz Muhammad Umrani

Forest and Wildlife Department, Quetta

Nowsherwan Zarif

Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

Muhammad Sajawal

Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

Ali Gohar

Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

Asif Ali

Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar