“Advanced Techniques for Particle Size Determination and Characterization in Aqueous Nasal Sprays: A Comprehensive Review”

Abstract

Particle size determination and characterization are crucial for optimizing the formulation and efficacy of aqueous nasal sprays. This comprehensive review explores the methodologies and instruments employed in the analysis of particle size within these pharmaceutical products. The review covers a range of techniques, including laser diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS), cascade impaction, spray particle size analyzers, optical microscopy and Morphology G3 ID. Each method's principles, advantages, limitations, and applications are discussed, providing insights into their suitability for different particle size ranges and product specifications. Key factors influencing the choice of method, such as the need for precision, sample preparation requirements, and regulatory considerations, are also addressed. This review aims to offer a detailed understanding of the capabilities and limitations of each technique, highlighting their roles in ensuring the quality and performance of nasal spray formulations. By synthesizing current practices and advancements, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, formulators, and quality control professionals involved in the development and analysis of aqueous nasal sprays.