A Critical Review on the Conventional and Modern Molecular Target For Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disease that is becoming a major health problem in today's world due to the
aging population. Despite it being widely known that diet has a significant impact on the prevention and progression of
Alzheimer's disease, the literature data are still scarce and controversial. The application of the principles of rational
nutrition for the elderly is suggested for Alzheimer's disease. This study has been design to focus the correlation between
the conventional molecular target to modern target, two major pathological lesions in the brain, amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed mainly of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau, respectively.
Although accumulation of toxic Aβ species in the brain has been proposed as one of the important early events in AD,
continued lack of success of clinical trials based on Aβ-targeting drugs has triggered the field to seek out
alternative disease mechanisms and related therapeutic strategies. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)
technologies have changed the face of preclinical research and iPSC-derived cell types are being utilized to study an array
of human conditions, including neurodegenerative disease. All major brain cell types can now be differentiated from
iPSCs, while increasingly complex co-culture systems are being developed to facilitate neuroscience research. Many
cellular functions perturbed in Alzheimer's disease can be recapitulated using iPSC-derived cells in vitro, and co-culture
platforms are beginning to yield insights into the complex interactions that occur between brain cell types during
neurodegeneration. Further, iPSC-based systems and genome editing tools will be critical in understanding the roles of
the numerous new genes and mutations found to modify Alzheimer's disease risk in the past decade. While still in their
relative infancy, these developing iPSC-based technologies hold considerable promise to push forward efforts to combat
Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. One of the new approaches is to uncover novel roles of
pathological tau and Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies with during disease progression.