The Socio-Economic Conditions of Fishermen in Assam: A Comparative Study Across Major River Basins

Abstract

This review article offers a thorough examination of the socio-economic circumstances of fishermen in Assam, comparing the Brahmaputra and Barak River Basins. It investigates how geographic, economic, and social elements influence the livelihoods of fishing communities in these areas. The study uncovers notable disparities between the two basins. Fishermen in the Brahmaputra Basin encounter significant obstacles due to periodic flooding, restricted access to contemporary fishing technologies, and insufficient infrastructure. These factors lead to fluctuating income levels, limited market access, and inadequate social services, including education and healthcare. In contrast, the Barak Basin enjoys more stable weather conditions, improved access to advanced fishing technologies, and better market infrastructure, resulting in greater income stability and enhanced living conditions for fishermen. The Brahmaputra Basin, known for its extensive commercial fishing opportunities, sustains a large population of fishermen who depend on plentiful fish resources. However, regular flooding, poor infrastructure, and unreliable market access contribute to income instability and post-harvest losses. Conversely, the Barak Basin, though smaller in scale, provides a comparatively more stable fishing environment with fewer flooding issues. Nevertheless, fishermen in this region primarily engage in small-scale, subsistence fishing, with limited market access and reliance on traditional fishing methods, which constrains their economic potential. The paper identifies crucial areas for intervention, such as improved flood management, promotion of modern fishing practices, enhancement of market infrastructure, and strengthening of social services. Furthermore, it highlights research gaps, including the need for detailed data, studies on climate change impacts, and assessments of policy effectiveness. By consolidating current knowledge and pinpointing critical research gaps, this paper offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and development practitioners to improve the socio-economic well-being of fishermen in Assam.