Pathogenic Bacteria In Aquatic Ecosystems: Threats And Mitigation Approaches

Abstract

Aquatic ecosystems play a crucial role in human health and the environment, yet they are increasingly threatened by pathogenic bacteria originating from sewage, agricultural runoff, and other sources. These waterborne pathogens pose significant public health risks, causing diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever, and contribute to millions of illnesses and deaths annually worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Factors like inadequate sanitation infrastructure in developing regions, climate change-driven shifts in pathogen distribution, and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria exacerbate the challenges (Fenwick, 2006; Martínez-Urtaza et al., 2023; Larsson & Flach, 2022). This paper reviews the types and sources of pathogenic bacteria found in freshwater and marine environments, the threats they pose to human populations and aquatic life, and current mitigation approaches. Key bacterial pathogens – including Vibrio cholerae, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella – are discussed alongside their transmission routes and health impacts. The analysis highlights emerging concerns such as climate-related increases in Vibrio infections and the role of microplastics as vectors for pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes. Mitigation strategies are examined, ranging from improved water treatment and sanitation systems to nature-based solutions like wetland filtration and better watershed management. An integrated approach combining infrastructure development, ecosystem conservation, public health interventions, and policy enforcement is essential to reduce the burden of waterborne diseases. Ensuring access to safe water and implementing effective control measures can protect public health and preserve aquatic ecosystem integrity for future generations.