Heavy Metal Characteristics and Their Spatial-Temporal Distribution in Trans-Yamuna Aquifer, Palwal District, Haryana, India

Abstract

The Trans-Yamuna aquifer in Palwal District, Haryana, India, is a vital water source for both agricultural and domestic uses. This study explores the characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution of heavy metals within this aquifer to evaluate potential environmental and health risks. Over the course of one year, water samples were systematically collected from various sites within the aquifer. Heavy metal concentrations—specifically lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr)—were measured using advanced analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results reveal notable spatial variability in metal concentrations, with higher levels detected near industrial and agricultural areas. Additionally, seasonal variations were observed, with elevated metal concentrations during the monsoon season, attributed to runoff and leaching. Heavy metal concentrations were generally higher than permissible limits at most sites, ranging from 0.001 to 0.8 ppm, except for iron, which exhibited different behavior. Zinc showed the highest concentration variability, while cadmium had minimal fluctuation. A significant increase in cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe) concentrations, along with a decrease in groundwater quality, was noted in the post-monsoon period. Metal abundances varied, with the following order observed: Fe > Pb > Ni > Zn > Cr > Cd > Cu > Co > Mn in pre-monsoon and Ni > Zn > Fe > Cd > Cu > Pb > Co > Cr > Mn in post-monsoon periods. Rural areas exhibited a marked change in metal abundance patterns. Correlation analysis revealed a stronger relationship among deep groundwater samples in pre-monsoon compared to post-monsoon samples, with the highest correlation found in urban areas. Overall, heavy metal concentrations exhibited a concentric zonal distribution, with higher levels near the urban-rural fringe and decreasing towards the periphery.